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. Wi-Fi or WiFi ( ) is a technology for with devices based on the standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the, which restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi Certified to products that successfully complete certification testing. Devices that can use Wi-Fi technology include personal computers, video-game consoles, and, digital cameras, digital audio players and modern printers. Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN and a. Such an access point (or ) has a range of about 20 meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.
Depiction of a device sending information wirelessly to another device, both connected to the local network, in order to print a document Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz (12 cm) and 5.8 gigahertz (5 cm) radio bands. Anyone within range with a can attempt to access the network; because of this, Wi-Fi is more vulnerable to attack (called ) than wired networks. Wi-Fi Protected Access is a family of technologies created to protect information moving across Wi-Fi networks and includes solutions for personal and enterprise networks. Security features of Wi-Fi Protected Access constantly evolve to include stronger protections and new security practices as the security landscape changes. Main article: In 1971, connected the Hawaiian Islands with a UHF wireless packet network. ALOHAnet and the were early forerunners to, and later the, respectively. A 1985 ruling by the U.S.
Federal Communications Commission released the for unlicensed use. These frequency bands are the same ones used by equipment such as microwave ovens and are subject to interference. In 1991, with invented the precursor to 802.11, intended for use in cashier systems, under the name.
The Australian Dr with his colleagues Terence Percival, Graham Daniels, Diet Ostry, and John Deane developed a key patent used in Wi-Fi as a by-product of a (CSIRO) research project, 'a failed experiment to detect exploding mini black holes the size of an atomic particle'. Dr O'Sullivan and his colleagues are credited with inventing Wi-Fi. In 1992 and 1996, CSIRO obtained patents for a method later used in Wi-Fi to 'unsmear' the signal.
The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997, and provided up to 2 Mbit/s link speeds. This was updated in 1999 with to permit 11 Mbit/s link speeds, and this proved to be popular. In 1999, the formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold. Wi-Fi uses a large number of patents held by many different organizations. In April 2009, 14 technology companies agreed to pay CSIRO $1 billion for infringements on CSIRO patents.
This led to Australia labeling Wi-Fi as an Australian invention, though this has been the subject of some controversy. CSIRO won a further $220 million settlement for Wi-Fi patent-infringements in 2012 with global firms in the United States required to pay the CSIRO licensing rights estimated to be worth an additional $1 billion in royalties.
In 2016, the wireless local area network Test Bed was chosen as Australia's contribution to the exhibition held in the. Etymology The name Wi-Fi, commercially used at least as early as August 1999, was coined by the brand-consulting firm. The Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was 'a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'.' Phil Belanger, a founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance who presided over the selection of the name 'Wi-Fi', has stated that Interbrand invented Wi-Fi as a upon the word. Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi. The Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for.
The Wi-Fi Alliance used the nonsense 'The Standard for Wireless Fidelity' for a short time after the brand name was created. The name was, however, never officially 'Wireless Fidelity'. Nevertheless, the Wi-Fi Alliance was also called the 'Wireless Fidelity Alliance Inc' in some publications and the IEEE's own website has stated 'WiFi is a short name for Wireless Fidelity'. Non-Wi-Fi technologies intended for fixed points, such as, are usually described as. Alternative wireless technologies include mobile phone standards, such as, and.
The name is sometimes written as WiFi, Wifi, or wifi, but these are not approved by the Wi-Fi Alliance. Wi-Fi ad-hoc mode Wi-Fi nodes operating in ad-hoc mode refers to devices talking directly to each other without the need to first talk to an access point (also known as base station). Ad-hoc mode was first invented and realized by Chai K. Toh in his 1996 invention of Wi-Fi ad-hoc routing, implemented on 802.11a wireless on IBM over a size nodes scenario spanning a region of over a mile. The success was recorded in Mobile Computing magazine (1999) and later published formally in, 2002 and ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, 2001. Wi-Fi certification. See also: The does not test equipment for compliance with their standards.
The Wi-Fi Alliance was formed in 1999 to fill this void — to establish and enforce standards for interoperability and, and to promote local-area-network technology. As of 2010, the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 375 companies from around the world. The Wi-Fi Alliance enforces the use of the Wi-Fi brand to technologies based on the standards from the IEEE. This includes (WLAN) connections, device to device connectivity (such as Wi-Fi Peer to Peer aka ), (PAN), (LAN) and even some limited (WAN) connections. Manufacturers with membership in the Wi-Fi Alliance, whose products pass the certification process, gain the right to mark those products with the Wi-Fi logo.
Specifically, the certification process requires conformance to the IEEE 802.11 radio standards, the security standards, and the authentication standard. Certification may optionally include tests of IEEE 802.11 draft standards, interaction with cellular-phone technology in converged devices, and features relating to security set-up, multimedia, and power-saving. Not every Wi-Fi device is submitted for certification. The lack of Wi-Fi certification does not necessarily imply that a device is incompatible with other Wi-Fi devices. The Wi-Fi Alliance may or may not sanction derivative terms, such as, coined by the US (FCC) to describe proposed networking in the UHF TV band in the US.
IEEE 802.11 standard. Main article: The IEEE 802.11 standard is a set of (MAC) and (PHY) specifications for implementing (WLAN) computer communication in the 2.4, 5, and frequency bands. They are created and maintained by the / Standards Committee. The base version of the standard was released in 1997, and has had subsequent amendments. The standard and amendments provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi-Fi brand. While each amendment is officially revoked when it is incorporated in the latest version of the standard, the corporate world tends to market to the revisions because they concisely denote capabilities of their products. As a result, in the market place, each revision tends to become its own standard.
A Japanese sticker indicating to the public that a location is within range of a Wi-Fi network. A dot with curved lines radiating from it is a common symbol for Wi-Fi, representing a point transmitting a signal. To connect to a Wi-Fi LAN, a computer has to be equipped with a. The combination of computer and interface controller is called a.
For all stations that share a single radio frequency communication channel, transmissions on this channel are received by all stations within range. The transmission is not guaranteed to be delivered and is therefore a mechanism. A carrier wave is used to transmit the data.
The data is organised in packets on an link, referred to as '. Internet access Wi-Fi technology may be used to provide to devices that are within the range of a that is connected to the Internet.
The coverage of one or more interconnected ( hotspots) can extend from an area as small as a few rooms to as large as many square kilometres. Coverage in the larger area may require a group of access points with overlapping coverage. For example, public outdoor Wi-Fi technology has been used successfully in in London, UK. An international example is. Wi-Fi provides service in private homes, businesses, as well as in public spaces at Wi-Fi hotspots set up either free-of-charge or commercially, often using a webpage for access. Organizations and, such as airports, hotels, and restaurants, often provide free-use hotspots to attract customers. Enthusiasts or authorities who wish to provide services or even to promote business in selected areas sometimes provide free Wi-Fi access.
That incorporate a modem or a and a Wi-Fi access point, often set up in homes and other buildings, provide Internet access and to all devices connected to them, wirelessly or via cable. Similarly, battery-powered routers may include a cellular Internet radiomodem and Wi-Fi access point.
When subscribed to a cellular data carrier, they allow nearby Wi-Fi stations to access the Internet over 2G, 3G, or 4G networks using the technique. Many smartphones have a built-in capability of this sort, including those based on, , and, though carriers often disable the feature, or charge a separate fee to enable it, especially for customers with unlimited data plans.
'Internet packs' provide standalone facilities of this type as well, without use of a smartphone; examples include the - and -branded devices. Some laptops that have a cellular modem card can also act as mobile Internet Wi-Fi access points. Wi-Fi also connects places that normally don't have network access, such as kitchens and garden sheds.
Google is intending to use the technology to allow rural areas to enjoy connectivity by utilizing a broad mix of projection and routing services. Google also intends to bring connectivity to Africa and some Asian lands by launching blimps that will allow for internet connection with Wi-Fi technology. City-wide Wi-Fi. An outdoor Wi-Fi access point In the early 2000s, many cities around the world announced plans to construct citywide Wi-Fi networks. There are many successful examples; in 2004, (Mysuru) became India's first Wi-Fi-enabled city. A company called WiFiyNet has set up hotspots in Mysore, covering the complete city and a few nearby villages. In 2005, and, became the first cities in the United States to offer citywide free Wi-Fi (from ).
Has generated $1.2 million in profit annually for. In May 2010, mayor pledged to have London-wide Wi-Fi by 2012. Several boroughs including Westminster and Islington already had extensive outdoor Wi-Fi coverage at that point.
Officials in South Korea's capital are moving to provide free Internet access at more than 10,000 locations around the city, including outdoor public spaces, major streets and densely populated residential areas. Seoul will grant leases to KT, LG Telecom and SK Telecom. The companies will invest $44 million in the project, which was to be completed in 2015. Campus-wide Wi-Fi Many traditional university campuses in the developed world provide at least partial Wi-Fi coverage. Built the first campus-wide wireless Internet network, called, at its campus in 1993 before Wi-Fi branding originated. By February 1997 the CMU Wi-Fi zone was fully operational.
Many universities collaborate in providing Wi-Fi access to students and staff through the international authentication infrastructure. Wi-Fi ad hoc versus Wi-Fi direct Wi-Fi also allows communications directly from one computer to another without an access point intermediary. This is called ad hoc Wi-Fi transmission.
This mode has proven popular with, such as the, and other devices. Some devices can also share their Internet connection using ad hoc, becoming hotspots or 'virtual routers'. Similarly, the Wi-Fi Alliance promotes the specification for file transfers and media sharing through a new discovery- and security-methodology. Wi-Fi Direct launched in October 2010. Another mode of direct communication over Wi-Fi is Tunneled Direct Link Setup , which enables two devices on the same Wi-Fi network to communicate directly, instead of via the access point. Main article: 802.11b and 802.11g use the 2.4, operating in the United States under Rules and Regulations. Because of this choice of frequency band, 802.11b and g equipment may occasionally suffer from, and devices.
Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide: Australia and Europe allow for an additional two channels (12, 13) beyond the 11 permitted in the United States for the 2.4 GHz band, while Japan has three more (12–14). In the US and other countries, 802.11a and 802.11g devices may be operated without a license, as allowed in Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations. A Wi-Fi signal occupies five channels in the 2.4 GHz band. Any two channel numbers that differ by five or more, such as 2 and 7, do not overlap. The oft-repeated adage that channels 1, 6, and 11 are the only non-overlapping channels is, therefore, not accurate.
Channels 1, 6, and 11 are the only group of three non-overlapping channels in North America and the United Kingdom. In Europe and Japan using Channels 1, 5, 9, and 13 for and is. 802.11a uses the, which, for much of the world, offers at least 23 non-overlapping channels rather than the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band, where adjacent channels overlap. Interference. For more details on this topic, see.
Wi-Fi connections can be disrupted or the Internet speed lowered by having other devices in the same area. Many 2.4 GHz 802.11b and access-points default to the same channel on initial startup, contributing to congestion on certain channels. Wi-Fi pollution, or an excessive number of access points in the area, especially on the neighboring channel, can prevent access and interfere with other devices' use of other access points, caused by overlapping channels in the 802.11g/b spectrum, as well as with decreased (SNR) between access points. This can become a problem in high-density areas, such as large apartment complexes or office buildings with many Wi-Fi access points. Additionally, other devices use the 2.4 GHz band: microwave ovens, devices, devices, devices, cordless phones, and, in some countries, all of which can cause significant additional interference. It is also an issue when municipalities or other large entities (such as universities) seek to provide large area coverage.
Service set identifier (SSID). See also: In addition to running on different channels, multiple Wi-Fi networks can share channels. A is the set of all the devices associated with a particular Wi-Fi network. The service set can be local, independent, extended or mesh. Each service set has an associated identifier, the 32-byte Service Set Identifier (SSID), which identifies the particular network. The SSID is configured within the devices that are considered part of the network, and it is transmitted in the packets.
Receivers ignore wireless packets from networks with a different SSID. Throughput As the 802.11 specifications evolved to support higher throughput, the bandwidth requirements also increased to support them. Vb count files in directory. 802.11n uses double the radio spectrum/bandwidth (40 MHz) compared to or 802.11g (20 MHz). This means there can be only one 802.11n network on the 2.4 GHz band at a given location, without interference to/from other WLAN traffic.
802.11n can also be set to limit itself to 20 MHz bandwidth to prevent interference in dense community. Many newer consumer devices support the latest standard, which uses the 5 GHz band exclusively and is capable of multi-station WLAN throughput of at least 1 gigabit per second, and a single station throughput of at least 500 Mbit/s. In the first quarter of 2016, The Wi-Fi Alliance certifies devices compliant with the 802.11ac standard as 'Wi-Fi CERTIFIED ac'. This new standard uses several advanced signal processing techniques such as multi-user MIMO and 4X4 Spatial Multiplexing streams, and large channel bandwidth (160 MHz) to achieve the Gigabit throughput.
According to a study by IHS Technology, 70% of all access point sales revenue In the first quarter of 2016 came from 802.11ac devices. Hardware.
Wi-Fi whitelist triggered on an HP laptop Wi-Fi allows cheaper deployment of (LANs). Also, spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs.
However, building walls of certain materials, such as stone with high metal content, can block Wi-Fi signals. Manufacturers are building wireless network adapters into most laptops. The price of for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in even more devices.
Different competitive brands of access points and client network-interfaces can inter-operate at a basic level of service. Products designated as 'Wi-Fi Certified' by the Wi-Fi Alliance are. Unlike, any standard Wi-Fi device will work anywhere in the world.
Standard devices. Wireless adapter A (WAP) connects a group of wireless devices to an adjacent wired. An access point resembles a, relaying between connected wireless devices in addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an Ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices. Allow devices to connect to a wireless network.
These adapters connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as PCI, miniPCI, Cardbus and. As of 2010, most newer laptop computers come equipped with built in internal adapters. Integrate a Wireless Access Point, Ethernet, and internal router firmware application that provides, and forwarding through an integrated -interface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless Ethernet LAN devices to connect to a (usually) single WAN device such as a or a. A wireless router allows all three devices, mainly the access point and router, to be configured through one central utility. This utility is usually an integrated that is accessible to wired and wireless LAN clients and often optionally to WAN clients. This utility may also be an application that is run on a computer, as is the case with as Apple's, which is managed with the on and.
Wireless connect a wired network to a wireless network. A bridge differs from an access point: an access point connects wireless devices to a wired network at the. Two wireless bridges may be used to connect two wired networks over a wireless link, useful in situations where a wired connection may be unavailable, such as between two separate homes or for devices which do not have wireless networking capability (but have wired networking capability), such as; alternatively, a wireless bridge can be used to enable a device which supports a wired connection to operate at a wireless networking standard which is faster than supported by the wireless network connectivity feature (external dongle or inbuilt) supported by the device (e.g. Enabling Wireless-N speeds (up to the maximum supported speed on the wired Ethernet port on both the bridge and connected devices including the wireless access point) for a device which only supports Wireless-G).
A dual-band wireless bridge can also be used to enable 5 GHz wireless network operation on a device which only supports 2.4 GHz wireless networking functionality and has a wired Ethernet port. Wireless range-extenders or wireless repeaters can extend the range of an existing wireless network. Strategically placed range-extenders can elongate a signal area or allow for the signal area to reach around barriers such as those pertaining in L-shaped corridors. Wireless devices connected through repeaters will suffer from an increased latency for each hop, as well as from a reduction in the maximum data throughput that is available. In addition, the effect of additional users using a network employing wireless range-extenders is to consume the available bandwidth faster than would be the case where but a single user migrates around a network employing extenders.
For this reason, wireless range-extenders work best in networks supporting very low traffic throughput requirements, such as for cases where but a single user with a Wi-Fi equipped tablet migrates around the combined extended and non-extended portions of the total connected network. Additionally, a wireless device connected to any of the repeaters in the chain will have a data throughput that is also limited by the 'weakest link' existing in the chain between where the connection originates and where the connection ends. Networks employing wireless extenders are also more prone to degradation from interference from neighboring access points that border portions of the extended network and that happen to occupy the same channel as the extended network. The security standard, allows embedded devices with limited graphical user interface to connect to the Internet with ease. Wi-Fi Protected Setup has 2 configurations: The Push Button configuration and the PIN configuration.
These embedded devices are also called The Internet of Things and are low-power, battery-operated embedded systems. A number of Wi-Fi manufacturers design chips and modules for embedded Wi-Fi, such as GainSpan. Embedded systems. Embedded serial-to-Wi-Fi module Increasingly in the last few years (particularly as of 2007 ), embedded Wi-Fi modules have become available that incorporate a real-time operating system and provide a simple means of wirelessly enabling any device which has and communicates via a serial port.
This allows the design of simple monitoring devices. An example is a portable ECG device monitoring a patient at home. This Wi-Fi-enabled device can communicate via the Internet.
These Wi-Fi modules are designed by so that implementers need only minimal Wi-Fi knowledge to provide Wi-Fi connectivity for their products. In June 2014, Texas Instruments introduced the first ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller with an onboard dedicated Wi-Fi MCU, the SimpleLink CC3200. It makes embedded systems with Wi-Fi connectivity possible to build as single-chip devices, which reduces their cost and minimum size, making it more practical to build wireless-networked controllers into inexpensive ordinary objects. Range. See also: The Wi-Fi signal range depends on the frequency band, radio power output, antenna gain and antenna type as well as the modulation technique. Line-of-sight is the thumbnail guide but reflection and refraction can have a significant impact. An access point compliant with either or, using the stock antenna might have a range of 100 m (0.062 mi).
The same radio with an external semi parabolic antenna (15 dB gain) might have a range over 20 miles. Higher gain rating (dBi) indicates further deviation (generally toward the horizontal) from a theoretical, perfect, and therefore the further the antenna can project a usable signal, as compared to a similar output power on a more isotropic antenna.
For example, an 8 dBi antenna used with a 100 mW driver will have a similar horizontal range to a 6 dBi antenna being driven at 500 mW. Note that this assumes that radiation in the vertical is lost; this may not be the case in some situations, especially in large buildings or within a. In the above example, a directional waveguide could cause the low power 6 dBi antenna to project much further in a single direction than the 8 dBi antenna which is not in a waveguide, even if they are both being driven at 100 mW., however, can more than double the range.
Range also varies with frequency band. Wi-Fi in the 2.4 GHz frequency block has slightly better range than Wi-Fi in the 5 GHz frequency block used by 802.11a (and optionally by 802.11n). On wireless routers with detachable antennas, it is possible to improve range by fitting upgraded antennas which have higher gain in particular directions. Outdoor ranges can be improved to many kilometers through the use of high gain at the router and remote device(s). In general, the maximum amount of power that a Wi-Fi device can transmit is limited by local regulations, such as in the US. (EIRP) in the European Union is limited to 20 (100 mW). To reach requirements for wireless LAN applications, Wi-Fi has fairly high power consumption compared to some other standards.
Technologies such as (designed to support wireless (PAN) applications) provide a much shorter range between 1 and 100 m and so in general have a lower power consumption. Other low-power technologies such as have fairly long range, but much lower data rate. The high power consumption of Wi-Fi makes battery life in mobile devices a concern. Researchers have developed a number of 'no new wires' technologies to provide alternatives to Wi-Fi for applications in which Wi-Fi's indoor range is not adequate and where installing new wires (such as ) is not possible or cost-effective. For example, the standard for high speed uses existing home wiring (, phone lines and ).
Although does not provide some of the advantages of Wi-Fi (such as mobility or outdoor use), it is designed for applications (such as distribution) where indoor range is more important than mobility. For the best performance, a number of people only recommend using wireless networking as a supplement to wired networking. Due to the complex nature of at typical Wi-Fi frequencies, particularly the effects of off trees and buildings, algorithms can only approximately predict Wi-Fi signal strength for any given area in relation to a transmitter. This effect does not apply equally to, since longer links typically operate from towers that transmit above the surrounding foliage. The practical range of Wi-Fi essentially confines mobile use to such applications as inventory-taking machines in warehouses or in retail spaces, -reading devices at check-out stands, or receiving/shipping stations. – Mobile use of Wi-Fi over wider ranges is limited, for instance, to uses such as in an automobile moving from one hotspot to another. Other wireless technologies are more suitable for communicating with moving vehicles.
Distance records Distance records (using non-standard devices) include 382 km (237 mi) in June 2007, held by Ermanno Pietrosemoli and EsLaRed of Venezuela, transferring about 3 MB of data between the mountain-tops of and Platillon. The transferred data 420 km (260 mi), using 6 watt amplifiers to reach an overhead stratospheric balloon. Multiple access points Increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points provides network redundancy, better range, support for fast and increased overall network-capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller. Except for the smallest implementations (such as home or small office networks), Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward 'thin' access points, with more of the housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual access points to the role of 'dumb' transceivers.
Outdoor applications may use topologies. When multiple access points are deployed they are often configured with the same SSID and security settings to form an 'extended service set'. Wi-Fi client devices will typically connect to the access point that can provide the strongest signal within that service set.
Network security. Main article: The main issue with wireless is its simplified access to the network compared to traditional wired networks such as.
With wired networking, one must either gain access to a building (physically connecting into the internal network), or break through an external. To enable Wi-Fi, one merely needs to be within the range of the Wi-Fi network. Most business networks protect sensitive data and systems by attempting to disallow external access. Enabling wireless connectivity reduces security if the network uses inadequate or no encryption. An attacker who has gained access to a Wi-Fi network router can initiate a DNS spoofing attack against any other user of the network by forging a response before the queried DNS server has a chance to reply.
Securing methods A common measure to deter unauthorized users involves hiding the access point's name by disabling the broadcast. While effective against the casual user, it is ineffective as a security method because the SSID is broadcast in the clear in response to a client SSID query. Another method is to only allow computers with known to join the network, but determined eavesdroppers may be able to join the network by an authorized address. (WEP) encryption was designed to protect against casual snooping but it is no longer considered secure. Tools such as or can quickly recover WEP encryption keys. Because of WEP's weakness the approved (WPA) which uses. WPA was specifically designed to work with older equipment usually through a firmware upgrade.
Though more secure than WEP, WPA has known vulnerabilities. The more secure using was introduced in 2004 and is supported by most new Wi-Fi devices. WPA2 is fully compatible with WPA. In 2017 a flaw in the WPA2 protocol was discovered, allowing a key replay attack, known as. A flaw in a feature added to Wi-Fi in 2007, called (WPS), allows WPA and WPA2 security to be bypassed and effectively broken in many situations. The only remedy as of late 2011 is to turn off Wi-Fi Protected Setup, which is not always possible. Are often used to secure Wi-Fi.
Data security risks. This article needs additional citations for.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2016) The older wireless -standard, (WEP), has been to be easily breakable even when correctly configured. (WPA and WPA2) encryption, which became available in devices in 2003, aimed to solve this problem. Wi-Fi typically default to an encryption-free ( open) mode. Novice users benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out-of-the-box, but this default does not enable any, providing open wireless access to a LAN. To turn security on requires the user to configure the device, usually via a software (GUI). On unencrypted Wi-Fi networks connecting devices can monitor and record data (including personal information).
Such networks can only be secured by using other means of protection, such as a or secure over. Encryption (WPA2) is considered secure, provided a strong is used. In 2018, was announced as a replacement for WPA2, increasing the security.
Piggybacking. Further information: Piggybacking refers to access to a wireless Internet connection by bringing one's own computer within the range of another's wireless connection, and using that service without the subscriber's explicit permission or knowledge. During the early popular adoption of, providing open access points for anyone within range to use was encouraged to cultivate, particularly since people on average use only a fraction of their downstream bandwidth at any given time. Recreational logging and mapping of other people's access points has become known as. Indeed, many access points are intentionally installed without security turned on so that they can be used as a free service. Providing access to one's Internet connection in this fashion may breach the Terms of Service or contract with the.
These activities do not result in sanctions in most jurisdictions; however, legislation and differ considerably across the world. A proposal to leave describing available services was called. A court case determined that owner laziness was not to be a valid excuse.
Piggybacking often occurs unintentionally – a technically unfamiliar user might not change the default 'unsecured' settings to their access point and operating systems can be configured to connect automatically to any available wireless network. A user who happens to start up a laptop in the vicinity of an access point may find the computer has joined the network without any visible indication. Moreover, a user intending to join one network may instead end up on another one if the latter has a stronger signal. In combination with automatic discovery of other network resources (see and ) this could possibly lead wireless users to send sensitive data to the wrong middle-man when seeking a destination (see ). For example, a user could inadvertently use an unsecure network to log into a, thereby making the login credentials available to anyone listening, if the website uses an unsecure protocol such as plain without TLS (HTTPS).
An unauthorized user can obtain security information (factory preset passphrase and/or Wi-Fi Protected Setup PIN) from a label on a wireless access point can use this information (or connect by the Wi-Fi Protected Setup pushbutton method) to commit unauthorized and/or unlawful activities. Health concerns.
Further information: The (WHO) says 'no health effects are expected from exposure to RF fields from base stations and wireless networks', but notes that they promote research into effects from other RF sources. Although the WHO's (IARC) later classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as 'possibly carcinogenic to humans ' (a category used when 'a causal association is considered credible, but when chance, bias or confounding cannot be ruled out with reasonable confidence'), this was based on risks associated with wireless phone use rather than Wi-Fi networks. The United Kingdom's reported in 2007 that exposure to Wi-Fi for a year results in the 'same amount of radiation from a 20-minute mobile phone call'. A review of studies involving 725 people who claimed, '.suggests that 'electromagnetic hypersensitivity' is unrelated to the presence of EMF, although more research into this phenomenon is required.'
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How To Get Ds Wifi
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I'm sorry in advance if someone finds my question stupid or ignorant. I haven't been able to find any info that can guide me. I'm getting a second hand pc with no wifi connectivity and it will be placed where I can't use ethernet cable directly from the router. I'm faced with 2 options: to get a wireless adapter (either pci or usb. The signal in the room is decent but not perfect; about 3-4 bars in the wifi icon when using my laptop), or to get an access point/range extender which I could connect to the pc via an ethernet cable.
Which option would give me a stronger and more stable connection? That's what I'm mostly concerned about. I would appreciate any help you could give me.
Are you just surfing the web - or will you be gaming on the web? While the best connection is wired ethernet, if that is not possible (you can pay an electrician about $200 to install a cable for you), there are several options: (in order best to worst) 1) Powerline adapter - this works great for some people - you plug in two adapters - one by the router, the other by the computer, and the house wiring is used to connect the ethernet cables.
2) MOCA adapters - similar to powerline, except it uses the cable TV wiring to connect the devices. 3) Wireless - suggested installation would be a card/USB device that has a cable that runs from the computer to the antenna (you can place it about 6-12 feet from the computer). Wireless of any kind is an inexact science - as any obstruction (walls, floors, furniture, electrical wiring, heating/air conditioning vents, plumbing, etc) will diminish the signal. You may get better results with a PC adapter, you may get better results with the range extender.(the access point is to add a wireless connection point to a wired hub that doesn't have wireless). I have known people that spend a lot more than $200 to get a usable connection - and other paid $40 for cheap powerline adapters that worked great.
Gaming on the web or streaming video (i.e. Netflix or other HD source) is going to need the best connection possible, while reading the news on the web may not need that much of a connection. I would suggest trying the powerline adapters - you can find them virtually in any computer store/website - even BestBuy carries them. Give it a try before you decide on wi-fi adapters - you may decide that is the way to go. I live in Colombia and here powerline adapters seem to be a bit out of my budget. A friend of mine lent me a USB adapter and it worked well with Windows 7, but once I installed Windows 8 I got some incompatibility issues and the booting froze when the adapter was plugged in. I ended up buying a US$15 PCI adapter and although it's getting an OK signal, the connection seems to be pretty stable so far.
Thank you guys for all your help.
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Wi-Fi technology has improved greatly in recent years, but it’s not one-size-fits-all, especially when it comes to businesses. Large office spaces with heavy traffic typically utilize Wi-Fi access points, while small offices with limited users are more likely to have Wi-Fi routers and range extenders. Let’s take a look at how their features compare to find the best Wi-Fi solution for you. What is an Access Point?
An is a device that creates a wireless local area network, or WLAN, usually in an office or large building. An access point connects to a wired router, switch, or hub via an Ethernet cable, and projects a Wi-Fi signal to a designated area. For example, if you want to enable Wi-Fi access in your company's reception area but don’t have a router within range, you can install an access point near the front desk and run an Ethernet cable through the ceiling back to the server room. What is a Range Extender? As its name implies, a lengthens the reach of an existing Wi-Fi network. Since range extenders connect wirelessly to Wi-Fi routers, they must be placed where the Wi-Fi router's signal is already strong, not in the location of the actual dead spot.
For instance, if your router is in the basement of a two-story building, installing a range extenderon the ground floor (where coverage from the Wi-Fi router is still strong) will eliminate potential dead zones on the second floor. Why Access Points Are Better for Businesses While range extenders are great for home Wi-Fi networks, they’re not efficient for modern businesses. This is because they can only support a limited number of devices at one time, usually no more than 20. While range extenders do increase the coverage of a Wi-Fi router, they do not increase its available bandwidth. Depending on the number of devices you have connected simultaneously, a range extender could end up weighing down your connection. Access points, on the other hand, can handle over 60 simultaneous connections each. By installing access points throughout the office, users can roam freely from room to room without experiencing network interruptions.
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As they move through the building, their devices shift seamlessly from one access point to the next without dropping the connection—they won’t even realize they’re switching between networks. Advantages of Using Wireless Access Points When you have both employees and guests connecting with desktops, laptops, mobile phones, and tablets, 20 devices on a wireless network adds up quickly. At 60 simultaneous connections each, access points give you the freedom to scale the number of devices supported on your network. But that’s only one of the advantages of using these network enhancers—consider these points:. Business-grade access points can be installed anywhere you can run an Ethernet cable. Newer models are also compatible with Power over Ethernet Plus, or PoE+ (a combination Ethernet and power cord), so there is no need to run a separate power line or install an outlet near the access point.
Additional standard features include Captive Portal and Access Control List (ACL) support, so you can limit guest access without compromising network security, as well as easily manage users within your Wi-Fi network. Select access points include a Clustering feature—a single point from which the IT administrator can view, deploy, configure, and secure a Wi-Fi network as a single entity rather than a series of separate access point configurations.